3D bioprinting is one of the most anticipating and promising technological advancements of all time. According to the US National Library of Medicine, 3D bioprinting is “a manufacturing method in which objects are made by fusing or depositing materials? such as plastic, metal, ceramics, powders, liquids, or even living cells? in layers to produce a 3D object” (Ventola, 2014, para 2). Is With the capability of using real cells, 3D bioprinting will make it possible to create living tissue. This will help build real organs and skin cells. Sometimes, in certain situations, researchers and doctors can also use regular 3D printing for skeletal support. In a 2018 surgery, a group pediatric surgeons from Georgia Institute of Technology used a 3D printed tracheal splint to assist a 7-month-old child to breathe (Toon, 2018, para 1). The team was able to make multiple different test splints at a low-cost rate because of the inexpensive materials used. Other ways 3D bioprinting could save someone’s life is the organ crisis. According to UNOS database, “on average 20 people die each day while waiting for a transplant (Data, 2018, page 1). 3D printing can fix this issue by scanning the organ and making a specific match for that patient. Another way 3D printing can help is prosthetics. According to e-NABLE contributors from the US department of health and human services, “3D-printable prosthetics are changing the face of medicine, as engineers and physicians are able to develop prosthetics that are fully customized to the wearer.” (e-NABLE, N.D, page 1). With the use of 3D printing, Prosthetics will become more customizable, comfortable, more appealing to the wearer, and have more flexibility. 3D Bioprinting will
revolutionize health care in the future because it will provide a new form of skeletal support, help the organ shortage crisis, and also improve the use of prosthetics.
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The most important way 3D bioprinting will revolutionize healthcare is that it could solve the organ crisis. By solving the organ crisis, it is potentially helping one of the largest medical crises in the US, kidney disease. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “More than 661,000 Americans have kidney failure. Of these, 468,000 individuals are on dialysis, and roughly 193,000 live with a functioning kidney transplant” (Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States, 2016, para 3). If 3D bioprinting was available to these patients, then the number of those on Dialysis would decrease immensely. Not only would the number of patients on dialysis decrease, but also the need for donors, as well as, the number of patients on the UNOS transplant list. 81.3% of the UNOS list consists of patients waiting for a new kidney; This means that there are 95,249 patients worldwide hoping for a new kidney (Waiting list candidates by organ type, 2015, page 1). This is just one way 3D bioprinting will help solve the organ crisis.
Another large impact it would have would be lowering the death rate of transplant patients. As previously stated, the amount of deaths of patients per day who are waiting for an organ is around 20. For kidney patients specifically, it takes around 3-6 years to get a new kidney donor (The Kidney Transplant Waitlist, 2016, para 10). With the use of 3D bioprinting, it is possible to take real cells and turn it into ink form. When the cells are being printed, they eventually grow into living tissue. These tissues can be specified for certain organs like livers, lungs, Pancreases, Hearts, and Kidneys. So if it is able to help organs, what else can it help?
An equally important way that 3D bioprinting will revolutionize healthcare is by providing a new form of skeletal support. Like stated before, 3D printing can massively help support bones and at a low cost. Approximately 6 million Americans break a bone each year (Aids for One Armed Tasks, n.d., para. 2). With the use of 3D printing splints, supports, braces, and even replacement bones can be created. Visual representations are used for students to examine and learn from. Although that is already a thing, with 3D printing you can get visual insight for each cavity and vein without needing it to be handmade. 3D printing for bone cancer is also very promising. A technique would be to replace the part of the bone with the tumor with a 3D printed structure. Ultimately defeating the tumor before it spreads farther or deeper (3D printing of high-strength bioscaffolds for the synergistic treatment of bone cancer, 2018, para. 1). Another great benefit for our skeletal system is the patching of skull fractures, cracks, or holes. For an example, if someone were to get in a car accident and break their cheekbone, or if someone were to have a sport-related injury and crack open their skull, 3D printing would be the best, cheapest, and most effective option to choose. We already have that technology now, but 3D printing will be able to enhance the structure of it. It could be lighter in weight, and thinner. If the damage done to the skull exceeds just the roundness and perhaps travels into the eye socket or nose, 3D printing would be the better option because it would be the fit the exact measurements and fit more flush with one’s skull (Bone Machine: 3D Printing is Revolutionizing Plastic Surgery, 2017, page 1). Finally, doctors could bioprint a mock up a face of what someone would look like after reconstructive surgery (Jeffrey Spiegel, 2016, para. 1).
Lastly, 3D bioprinting will improve the use of prosthetics. 3D printing even expands to prosthetics and is extremely beneficial to it. One of the main benefits of 3D printing across all fields is the cost efficiency. People are usually afraid of the expenses of prosthetics due to how much they really do cost (Advantages of 3D printed Prosthetics, 2018, para. 2). Although, with 3D printed prosthetics, the materials are cheaper, and the manufacturing process is way faster. A 3D printed limb could be made within a day, but traditional prosthetics, the process could take up a few days, weeks, or months. Also, with traditional prosthetics, there can be a wait list just like organ transplants that will just add to the production time (Advantages of 3D printed Prosthetics, 2018, para.3). Another issue with prosthetics is the amount of time you can use it. When children with missing limbs grow up, they are just like any other child, they grow. So with children, a prosthetic can only last 3 years (How Long Will a Prosthesis Last? n.d., para. 1) While an adult prosthetic still would only last 5 years.
Customization for prosthetics is very important for most patients to most people too. It needs to fit perfectly and be able to function the way they want it. It can even get down to the color if they want. When a patient is consulting with the doctor they can provide the color, look, and fit of the prosthetic. The materials are also able to be changed too (Advantages of 3D printed Prosthetics, 2018, para.4) 3D printed prosthetics has already been approved and is being used in multiple applications every day in the world of prosthetics. It will only get better from here because of technology advancing every day. In the near future, we will have full bionic limbs that will be just as capable if not more capable than the average limb.
Generally speaking, 3D printing and bioprinting will do great things for the healthcare field in the upcoming future. Not only could this advancement solve the organ crisis, but also bring hope for patients everywhere. 3D printing and bioprinting could also bring a new wave of skeletal support for patients. On top of that, it can provide help towards plastic surgery, rehabilitation, and prosthetics. Doctors and researchers still have a long road ahead of them before 3D printing and bioprinting is completely perfected. But, when it is perfected, the healthcare field will improve greatly.
Tracing Christianity Throughout Western Europe
Christianly devolved in the Roman Empire when the Emperor Tiberius ruled Judea. In Judea, Jesus who was a Jewish man, walked around giving teachings. These teachings attracted people to him; these people were called his followers. Jesus was later killed due to him causing conflict with the Romans. According to McKay et al., Jesus’s crucifixion was an important event in Christian history, his followers believed in his word so much they continued to believe in his teachings and carry them on(pg.176). Christianity contributed to the militarism of Medieval society that resulted in the Crusades by changing the ethics and beliefs of many people. Through the progression of Christian history, Muslims, Jews and Christian religious identities changed, mainly the political beliefs and the social groups. The progression of Christianity through the roman Empire to the Holy Roman Empire improved the militarism of Medieval society.
The constant warfare also resulted in the Crusades, changing the social and pollical groups. After the destruction of the Roman Republic, violence broke out causing rebellion against the Roman government. Roman officials did not see Christians as significant people because they did not flow into Roman society and follow by Roman beliefs. The Barbarians also affected the Roman republic, they didn’t believe the Romans were fair to each other. In the source “Salvain. A Comparison Between the Lot of Those Within the Empire and Those Who Lived Among the Barbarians. C.440 the barbarians talk about how the Romans persecute each other rather than loving each other. the Barbarians also believed in Christ and a Christianity to some extent. As time progressed in Rome the Barbarians gained authority from the constant battles bringing many challenges to the Roman Empire economically. The Romans were pouring vast amounts of money and time into the battles, straining their military advances. The Romans later joined with a stronger military helping their military. As the barbarians beat the Romans numerous times the people began to look for changes such as religion, changing the social belief.
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The development of the Christian church also contributed to militarism resulting in the crusades. Around 250 Christianity began spreading through the Roman world and places like Britain and Ireland. This wide speared gave awareness to the religion and changes in Christian churches due to disagreements on many issues causing schisms. According to McKay et al., These disagreements led to violence among the Christians and over the fourth and fifth century disputes about Christ rose(pg.188). The development of Christian monasticism was brought on by pious Christians believing that the only alternative moral decline was to separate from the world itself. The Christians began believing that the monks had a better connection god and had special influence. There was constant battles and wars during the foundation of Christianity such as the defeat of the Byzantine empire. The fall of the Byzantine empire helped Christianity flourish and be introduced to many people in other areas. According to McKay et al., The spread of Islam caused conflict with Christians. Muhammad who is a prophet claimed that he was the successor of Jesus and Allah and that his teachings would replace theirs(pg.222). The relationship between the Muslims and Christians was not great, the Muslims called the Christians and Jews infidel meaning that they believe in a religion.
The Christians conquered Muslim territory causing the crusades in their near future. The first crusader set out on a long journey not knowing what would come of it, but they did it because of their belief in god and the holy land. The battle was gruesome and of course murder was involved but since it was for Christ, they believed in spiritual benefits after death. Both the Christians and Muslims believed in one holy land and were going to fight a long and hard battle to get it. The militaries and small armies that were created benefited the crusaders in their battle by equipping them with their own will to fight for what they believe. The attitude and treatment of the Muslims by Christian crusaders was more of a each of them fought for what they believed was right. No one can really say what justifies violence, bloodshed and hate. Christian crusaders saw the Muslims as a threat to what they wanted. Muslims were fear by the Christians because the believed the Muslims were violent. This treatment of the Muslims was result of different religions not being able to come to an agreement. The crusades were justified as a significant role in the development of western culture. The crusades were a gateway to new possibilities for the Europeans.
The result of the crusades on the other hand introduced the Europeans to luxury goods, benefited merchants and new trade routes. According to McKay et al., Kings and popes were given the opportunity to expand their government systems (Pg.277). By the eleventh century the economy got stronger and formed ties with the east. The treatment of Muslims affected western civilization by offering their beliefs to the Christians and changing society. Christianity has changed the Roman society immensely and unintentionally caused the crusades. The Romans started off not believing in Christianity and seeing it as a problem for Roman society. The constant warfare between the Romans and barbarians gave Christianity its advantage to be incorporated into Roman society. As Christianity was spread through the west other prophet wanted to express their beliefs. A prophet named Muhammad helped form the religion of Islam. This new religion somewhat conflicted with Christianity caused a feud between the Muslims and the Christians.
The Muslims’ prophet spoke of the holy land of Jerusalem and the Christians lord and savior did also. The fight for who gets the holy land was the cause of the crusades. The militarism of the medieval society gave the Christians and Muslims knowledge of warfare but also fighting for what they believed was right. The crusades gave western civilization a large leap in the evolutionary direction. According to McKay et al., New trading routes, luxury goods and churches came out of the crusades(pg.277). the social and political values changed throughout the growth of Christianity because the values of the people changed.
