Could you please answer all four questions. The total of words to be used in your exam must be between 2,000 and 2,500, including some references (i.e. in-text citations) should you wish to use them – The textbooks are attached. Please do not use footnotes. The four answers do not necessarily have to be of equal length: you can choose how many words you want to use for each.
1. Has the prediction (or admonition) whereby, after the end of the Cold War, NATO would go ‘out of area or out of business’ proved correct?
2. Briefly outline the rationale, functioning, and significance of Permanent Structured Cooperation
3. What are the main challenges (and the responses) for the EU when confronted with hostile cyber and hybrid campaigns?
4. How do you evaluate the effectiveness of EU sanctions against Russia adopted since 2014 and, in particular, since its invasion of Ukraine 2022?