Regulation of cell death is vital for development, pathogenesis, and homeostasis. Both acute and chronic diseases are associated with excessive cell death, which results in tissue damage. Caspase-dependent apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death implicated in both normal and disease pathogenesis. Ferroptosis is distinct from other cell death modalities based on morphological, biochemical, and genetic criteria.
Ferroptosis is a pathogenic programmed cell death characterized by the iron-mediated production of toxic lipid hydroperoxides. This unique form of cell death is widely implicated in several acute and chronic diseases, such as asthma, COPD, ischemic heart diseases, brain trauma, and neurological diseases.
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The process of ferroptosis involves an accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides. The enzymes involved in the generation or detoxification of these lipid peroxides modulate ferroptosis. Oxidative stress and the activation of lipoxygenase, which oxygenate polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-phospholipids, are key inducers of ferroptosis. Glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4 play critical roles in the detoxification of phospholipid hydroperoxides and protect against ferroptosis. Pharmacological depletion of GSH or inhibition of GPX4 activity has been shown to induce ferroptosis. In contrast, agents that increase GSH or GPX4 activity have been shown to inhibit ferroptosis.
Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glycine-cysteine-glutamate. Dysfunctions in cysteine metabolism can cause a depletion of glutathione, which is responsible for GPX4 inactivation, leading to the accumulation of oxPLs and ultimately causing cell death.
GPx4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) is a phase II detoxification enzyme regulated by the Nrf2 gene. GPx4 utilizes the major cellular antioxidant GSH (glutathione), which is synthesized by the tripeptide in the presence of enzymes such as GCL (glutamate cysteine ligase) and glutathione synthetase (GSS). Erastin, a potent inducer of ferroptosis, inhibits the cellular import of cystine, thus reducing the formation of GSH.
Chronic oxidative stress is a major cause of ferroptosis, which is implicated in various disease conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, and cardiac diseases. Medicinal plants are commonly used for the treatment of various diseases. They are considered to have advantages over conventionally used drugs that are expensive and known to have harmful side effects. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on phytotherapy research in identifying dietary and medicinal phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity that can inhibit, retard, or reverse the multistage pathophysiological events underlying disease pathology.
Socio-Cultural Problems In Indian Society
Regardless what society people are from, it is visible that just about every society is more than likely to have their own socio-cultural problems. Within the Indian Society some major issues that have arisen and is still contemporary consist of the Caste system, issues associated with women, communalism, overpopulation, poverty, unemployment and so on. The issues listed are major issues right off the back that are still occurring in India today. However, these are only half of the problems overall.
Moving forward, the existence of the caste system is clearly still ongoing today. To briefly describe what the caste system is, it defines the higher class people of India from the lower class. The separation between the higher and lower caste system was at one point to where both parties were not even allowed to encounter or interact within one another. For instance, the lower class were not even able to “draw water from the common wells of the villages, or even go to the temples or to come close to the people of the so called higher castes.” In the modern day India, the lower caste people still encounter general issues when it comes to housing situations, social acceptance, an increase of crime, and seeking relationship.
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In addition, modern day issues still ongoing in India consist of the gender discrimination and dowry. In India females carry the weight of dowry and are expected to leave from their parents’ home after marriage. Women are also discriminated within the educational, work force, and medical fields. However, throughout the years the government has made progress to provide females with education and jobs with maternity leave. Moreover, the government has passed the Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961. Although dowry has been banned in India, this practice is so out of culture that it still takes place within both the rural and urban area of India. Dowry often leads to deaths, domestic violence, physical, and psychological abuse.
India is a country that is well known to consist of various religious beliefs. Throughout India you will often come across people such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and so on. With such a large variety of religious communities tensions often arises. And when there is tensions, there is hatred, which leads to “communal riots” and an increase of deaths. Issues like communalism often makes it harder for a country like India to progress and become at peace today.
As of 2017 up to today, India’s population has reached into the 133 billion range. Clearly India has such a massive population that poverty, starvation, child labor, and unemployment has taken into place. Just about a vase majority of its population is right underneath the poverty line, which leads to an increase of unemployment. The country’s current unemployment rate has increased from 5.9 percent to 7.2 percent within just a year of time span. With this unemployment rate it goes to show that families are unable to seek the right medical attention needed, as well as provide for one another to avoid starvation and health issues. Moving forward, in such of desperate need for wealth, parents are quick to send their children into the workforce when given the opportunity. And generally speaking child labor results in the lack of education, which leads to an increase of unemployment and poverty once those children reaches of age.
Overall, these were just some of the basic issues that India has dealt with in the past and still in the present today. Although India has made progress from where they first started, it is clear that these issues were not completely resolve. And with these issues still in place it creates challenges for the country itself to become as one.
