It is not in one’s nature. Gender stereotypes are people’s expectation to behave, think, speak, and interact a certain way based on their gender. Gender roles are stereotypes of behaviors that are considered appropriate for one’s gender in society. Although some may believe that different genders innately behave a particular way, gender roles are adopted since childhood through various social factors such as expectations of an individual’s family, friends, community, and such beliefs shape a person to conform to society’s idea of normalcy.
Some may think that different genders innately act in a specific way. Research has shown that women are naturally more inclined to take on jobs with fewer responsibilities. For instance, matters concerning the wage gap have raised various questions among gender roles. Through a 2008 survey about gender roles in the workplace, women’s “responses point to concerns associated with job pressures” (Galinsky 1). Specifically, among millennial women “31% cited concerns about the increased job pressure that goes along with greater responsibility at work . . . and 13% were concerned about not having enough flexibility to successfully manage work and personal or family life in a job with more responsibility” (Galinsky 1). This suggests that women naturally prefer jobs with lower pressure and responsibilities. Such behaviors are said to be gender specific and innate; therefore, a wage gap between male and female is evident. However, according to the World of Health gender roles start to develop since childhood and are caused by parents’ expectations on specific genders’ behaviors. To illustrate, “studies have shown that parents tend to respond more quickly to an infant daughter’s cries than those of an infant son. Parents also tend to cuddle girls more than they do boys. They are also more likely to allow boys to try new things and activities–such as learning to walk and explore–than they allow girls. Parents tend to fear more for the safety of girls” (“Gender” 1). This contributes to the understandings as to why girls are more delicate and fearful than boys. In addition, parents’ affections towards infant girls gradually teach them to be more affectionate and compassionate. In a family, males are obliged to deliver more industrious activities because girls are overprotected for their safety since childhood. This explains why females take on jobs with minimal responsibilities.
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Gender roles can be recognized in distinct aspects of a family as well. In earlier times, “fathers were employed out of the home, and mothers tended to the household. That meant not only housekeeping but taking primary responsibility for child upbringing” (Neuman 1). In the past, a man is responsible for going to work and earning wealth to finance family bills. A wife, on the other hand, is responsible for taking care of her children and performing house chores. However, gender roles have minimized with time. Cross-gender roles are no longer uncommon in western culture.
Additionally, gender stereotypes hold a critical aspect in the development of gender roles. Such stereotypes are prominent in earlier literary works. According to the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, “[s]ocial identity theory contends that people conceptualize the self at different levels of inclusiveness that range from the subordinate to the superordinate” (“Stereotypes” 1). Stereotypes are defined as people’s perspectives on others’ social identity. It is one’s outlook of categorizing different groups of people, expectations for others, and the idea of normalcy within a group. Gender roles and stereotypes being implemented by social factors are notable in earlier times as depicted in Othello. For instance, women are treated as a commodity by their husbands. To illustrate, Iago tells Othello, “Faith, he to-night hath boarded a land carack: If it proves lawful prize, he’s made forever” (I,ii,60). Iago refers to Desdemona as a prize, suggesting that Othello has won an award by receiving Desdemona. Iago regards Desdemona as an object, a medal to show off Othello as a nobleman. Women are handled as their husbands’ possessions, which require them to operate under compliance and fear of men. This ties back to gender roles today as women take on positions with fewer obligations because they are more comfortable in settings of limited power. Furthermore, Iago tells Desdemona and Emilia, “You rise to play, and go to bed to work” (II,i,114). Iago only uses women for sex and sees them as submissive individuals who are under his authority to “play” accordingly as he desires. The dominant role of men in families supplements to women’s passive behaviors growing up. Due to family customs of dominant males and submissive females, gender roles are acquired and executed in children’s minds since adolescence. Females become accepting of their duty to declare complete loyalty to men. This links back to the social factors that mold individuals of separate genders to behave differently.
Today, socially accepted individuals are forced to conform to gender norms. For instance, researchers diagnose non-conformists with “Gender Identity Disorder” in order to justify the “treatment of children who do not conform to stereotypical gender roles” (Helgeson 8). Such diagnosis is implied to stem from the parents’ disapproval of a child’s ‘abnormal’ behavior. Parents are concerned with children who are not in the normative fit and press treatment on those defying stereotypical gender roles. Furthermore, the “inclusion of Gender Identity Disorder as a mental illness increases the stigma and subsequent discrimination associated with gender nonconformity” (Helgeson 8). Diagnosing Gender Identity Disorder to those who do not conform to gender norms pressures people to enable public judgments control their behaviors. Individuals often feel ashamed when being diagnosed with a disorder because they appear different from their gender norms. Therefore, many try to avoid withholding a disorder by taking on gender roles.
Numerous people strive to defy gender roles in the past and often struggle with great hardships; an example of a nonconformist is Clare Boothe Luce. Although being a “highly successful independent woman” is incredibly challenging, Clare Boothe finds a way to defy gender roles and become an inspiration to aspiring women (“Clare” 1). Clare Boothe worked “for the Republican Party” in the 1900s (“Clare” 1). Women in law and politics are against the norm, especially in earlier times. Such jobs require great confidence and strong-minded individuals, qualities that are often overlooked in women. As a politician, Luce touched on a rather serious issue. Luce “proposed gender equality in the armed services” (“Clare” 2). She wanted armed forces to consist of both women and men. Jobs that require great strength are often categorized as a man’s job. Women appear too vulnerable to accomplish such tasks. Luce’s notable journey and her recognition as a public figure suggest the lack of nonconformist in society. As Luce witnessed through her journey, gender roles are constantly imposed on her through surrounding factors such as people’s beliefs of how a job belongs to a specific gender. Luce continues to stand as a well-functioning human being regardless of concerns on the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder. As Luce progresses, she faces numerous hardships along the way.
Similarly, Alice Thompson is dealing with various obstacles regarding gender roles as well. She mentions, “According to the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy I am a man. I know this because I adhere to social norms of masculinity: I am independent, confident, rational, sexual, competitive, take risks and care about my work” (“Gender” 1). Through diagnosis and therapists’ statements, Thompson does not adhere to the socially acceptable standards of women. Thompson, who portrays masculine characteristics, is categorized as a man because she stands out from the normative fit. In addition, men who exhibit feminine traits feel outcasted and pressured to conform. For instance, “young men in the UK, US and Mexico reported feeling pushed to live in the “man box”. They feel pressured to act tough, hide weakness and “look good”” (Robb 1). Unlike Thompson, some men struggle to demonstrate masculinity. Those who do not display a tough exterior are said to lack masculinity and fail to fit in the “man box”. Eventually, these misfits feel pressured to fulfill the qualifications of their specific gender. Therefore, the “sexual stereotypes are reinforced socially, politically and culturally” will “become self-fulfilling” (Johnson 2). When stereotypes are repeatedly reinforced, nonconformists will mask their identity to allow themselves to fit in. Through these social factors, gender roles are created as men and women eventually give in to the gender norms.
One’s gender role is developed and shaped by social factors and is not a biological component. Issues exploring the wage gap, gender inequality in one’s workplace, gender roles forced upon a child in a family, gender roles in marriage, and their effects on one’s character are inevitable today. Therefore, it is crucial to underscore gender bias many often overlook. It is not in one’s nature to behave in a specific form. Instead, those traits are acquired through time.
Karl Marx’s Ideas
Karl Marx’s ideas are studied and used by philosophers, historians, economists, sociologists and political scientists. Marx’s ideas were seen as so radical that he was perceived as an inspiration to revolutionists and a threat by leaders of state governments. Karl Marx’s work has had an everlasting impact on the arena of sociology in that his views opened the door to the study of how one’s social class has a direct influence on one’s life experiences and life chances. His work also opened the door for many differing perspectives on the issue of the wealthy and the poor Karl Marx’s thoughts are examined and utilized by scholars, students of history, financial analysts, sociologists and political specialists. Marx’s thoughts were viewed as so extreme that he was also seen as a motivation to revolutionists and a risk by pioneers of state governments.
Karl Marx’s work has everlastingly affected the field of human science in that his perspectives opened the way to the investigation of how one’s social class impacts one’s beneficial encounters and life shots. His work likewise opened the entryway for some contrasting points of view on the issue of the well off and the poor in the public arena.
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While in Paris from 1843 to 1845, Marx could meet with other radical masterminds and revolutionists, for Paris had turned into an inside for everything social, political and aesthetic. Here, Marx could contemplate communist hypotheses that were not accessible to him in Germany. It was amid this time Marx met and wound-up deep-rooted companions with Friedrich Engels and was submerged into the communist world, concentrating on the states of the regular workers. Out of the blue, Marx was starting to comprehend the conditions and hopelessness of the common laborer’s individuals.
He composed numerous articles with respect to such and, by and by, was ousted from his nation – yet this time by the French government. Marx would go through quite a bit of his time on earth removed from Germany and different nations because of his radical (for the occasions) considering.in society.
While in Paris from 1843 to 1845, Marx was able to meet with other radical thinkers and revolutionists, for Paris had become a center for all things social, political and artistic. Here, Marx was able to study socialist theories that were not available to him in Germany.
It was during this time that Marx met and became lifelong friends with Friedrich Engels and was immersed into the socialist world, focusing on the conditions of the working class. For the first time, Marx was beginning to understand the conditions and misery of the working-class people.
He wrote many editorials regarding such and, once again, was expelled from his country – but this time by the French government. Marx would spend much of his life expelled from Germany and other countries as a result of his radical (for the times) thinking.
Today I am going to write an in-depth research paper on one of Karl Marx’s most famous theory; “Marxism.” By definition: Marxism is the political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays acentral role in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism toa socialist and ultimately classless society.
Marxism isn’t a ‘human science’. It just gives off an impression of being along these lines, claiming, from the perspective of each other specific segment of the scholarly division of work rationality, financial aspects, history, history of thoughts, and so on. Marxism goes past their characterized topic, demanding that the genuine substance of every one of them is to be found in the conflicting totality of social monetary relations from which stream the types of movement and thought to which the different controls address themselves. Political economy, for instance, is ‘refuted’ by Marxism, in the Hegelian sense. Marx’s treatment of political economy takes as far as possible the opposing improvements of traditional political economy. To do this requires the clarification of political economy’s ideas and their genuine substance as the ‘estranged’ cognizance of the advancement of common society itself. Therefore, we find in the Critique of Political Economy and in Capital itself an invalidation of political economy, or, in other words being a satisfactory impression of the circle of trade esteems and their conduct. In any case, this circle is appeared to be this present reality of appearances or deceptions as essentially made by a generally constrained social request, free enterprise.
Marx’s dismissal of average logic is a comparable realist evaluate. His examination of political and authentic idea and their material sources was the third component of the union accomplished by Marx. Why at that point do we say that Marxism just gives off an impression of being a human science? Since humanism began and created, not as the argumentative invalidation, the defeating of the logical inconsistencies, of every one of the estranged circles of thought, yet as their definition over again in connection to some as far as anyone knows more ‘general’ art of ‘the social all things considered’ (Durkheim’s ‘le social en soi’ and ‘social actualities’ comprise the top of this methodology). Comte, first to utilize the term ‘human science’, created the word with the end goal to demonstrate: ‘. . . under one single heading that indispensable piece of normal rationality which worries about the positive investigation of the totality of principal laws appropriate to social marvels.’
Rather than the dynamic union established by Marx’s nullification of the isolated and distanced fields of rationality, political economy and history (class battle), we have the static and uncritical combination of Comte, to be trailed by a time of sterile discussion in human science about ‘transcendentalism or induction’, ‘speculation or particular monographs’, ‘framework or activity’. Rather than the steady realism made conceivable by Marx’s verifiable or persuasive methodology, we have the pseudo-logical dependence on ‘encounter’, which for Comte’s situation finished in the most perfect enchantment, since his ‘otherworldly’ encounter was allowed the same amount of legitimacy as some other. Common human science in the twentieth century is tied, rationally and methodologically, to the sober mindedness of the decision class.
Human science keeps on swaying among optimism and mechanical realism: ‘social certainties as things’ from one viewpoint, opportunity of the person on the other; the established division of middle class philosophy. Rather than social investigation as far as the conflicting improvement and battle of alternate extremes in every particular, truly restricted, financial arrangement, we have in human science the scan for general standards or sociological laws which rise above particular chronicled stages. Talcott Parsons’ dismissal of Marxism, because it is a progression of ‘hereditary’ clarifications, aggregates up this functionalist desolateness.
These parts of the split in social hypothesis among Marxism and humanism since the second quarter of the most recent century are obviously indistinguishably connected with the way that, as against Marx and Marxism’s worry with entrepreneur society, Comte is simply the dad (however he is just the jerk child of Saint-Simon in this and numerous different regards) of the sociologists’ request that they are worried about ‘mechanical’ or ‘current’ society. This is just a ‘sociological’ rendition of the political market analysts’ acknowledgment of the ‘characteristic’ character of the laws of entrepreneur economy, which they couldn’t acknowledge as just the laws of a positive and verifiably constrained financial arrangement. At the point when Marx demanded the ‘social’ measurement of all circles of movement and thought, it was with a double accentuation: first, to get a handle on every circle as just a single ‘minute’ of an opposing social entire; second, to put a conclusion to the estrangement coming about because of abuse, to give another life to every action by making it the cognizant action of the related makers in a boorish society; for this, hypothesis must join with and create in solidarity with the lowly transformation. Human science, by complexity, acknowledges and portrays the estrangement and even exalts it by displaying it methodically as the ‘separation and mix of jobs’ and the ‘organizing of introductions. A Marxist examination of human science would exhibit how these as far as anyone knows ‘general’ social wonders and components are nevertheless an ideological impression of the surface of entrepreneur society itself.
The progressive political introduction of Marxist social hypothesis, as stood out from the pronounced ‘esteem opportunity’ of human science, is crucial to Marxism. What’s more, the lasting supplications for isolating Marx’s governmental issues from his sociological ‘bits of knowledge’ are as ridiculousness lost as the comparative endeavors to wash down Marx’s social speculations of rationality.
Marxism is a monetary and social framework dependent on the political and financial speculations of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. While it would take veritably volumes to clarify the full ramifications and consequences of the Marxist social and monetary philosophy, Marxism is summed up in the Encarta Reference Library as “a hypothesis in which class battle is a focal component in the examination of social change in Western social orders.” Marxism is the direct opposite of free enterprise which is characterized by Encarta as “a financial framework dependent on the private responsibility for methods for creation and circulation of merchandise, portrayed by a free focused market and inspiration by benefit.” Marxism is the arrangement of communism of which the prevailing element is open responsibility for methods for generation, conveyance, and trade.
Under private enterprise, the low class, the regular workers or “the general population,” possess just their ability to work; they have the capacity just to offer their own work. As per Marx a class is characterized by the relations of its individuals to the methods for generation. He broadcasted that history is the order of class battles, wars, and uprisings. Under private enterprise, Marx proceeds with, the specialists, with the end goal to help their families are paid an absolute minimum wage or compensation. The specialist is distanced in light of the fact that he has no influence over the work or item which he creates. The industrialists offer the items created by the specialists at a corresponding an incentive as identified with the work included. Surplus esteem is the contrast between what the laborer is paid and the cost for which the item is sold.
An expanding immiseration of the low class happens as the consequence of financial subsidences; these retreats result on the grounds that the average workers can’t purchase the full result of their works and the decision business people don’t devour the majority of the surplus esteem. A working class or communist unrest must happen, as per Marx, where the express (the methods by which the decision class persuasively keeps up run over alternate classes) is a fascism of the low class. Socialism develops from communism out of this movement: the communist trademark is “From each as indicated by his capacity, to each as indicated by his work.” The socialist motto shifts therefore: “From each as indicated by his capacity, to each as per his needs.”
What were the Marxist perspectives of religion? Since the laborer under the industrialist administrations was hopeless and distanced, religious convictions were managed. Religion, as per Marx was the reaction to the torment of being alive, the reaction to natural enduring. In Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (1844), Marx expressed, “Religion is the moan of the mistreated animal, the sentiment of a coldhearted world, and the spirit of heartless conditions.” Marx demonstrated in this composition that the average workers, the low class was a genuine progressive class, general in character and familiar with all inclusive enduring. This gave the need to religion.
Marxism is then the argumentative nullification of the most astounding improvements in common idea, and through this of the truth from which that idea streams and of which it frames a vital part. It is this origination which lies behind Lenin’s celebrated proclamation:
The specialists can procure political cognizance just from without, i.e., just outside of the monetary battle, outside of the circle of relations among laborers and businesses. The circle from which alone it is conceivable to acquire this information is the circle of connections between all classes and the state and the legislature the circle of the interrelations between all classes. (Lenin, What is to be Done?)
Here Lenin communicates politically (i.e. in strife with political rivals who constructed themselves considering the alleged ‘unconstrained’ advancement of communist cognizance from the experience of the common laborers) the suggestions for average workers awareness of the disclosures of Marx. Logical idea (in the logic of Hegel) had landed at the point where it must acknowledge the end that it could progress assist just by getting a handle on movement its genuine place in the battle to end the states of its own distanced character; this was just conceivable, Marx stated, by getting a handle on the idea of the common laborers as the specialist of the vital progressive change. The common laborers itself, in any case, could touch base at the vital awareness and in this way the solidarity vital for social transformation just by understanding the full authentic ramifications of its job underway and its ability for canceling class society. Other than the end that the monetary structure is ‘essential’, and that the class battle of the working class is a target need making the conditions for communist unrest, there was fundamental the entire hypothesis of recorded realism, the comprehension of social improvement as a brought together process, with progressive cognizance seizing hold of the importance of the logical inconsistencies at the base of society with the end goal to topple it. This assortment of hypothesis couldn’t originate from the common laborers yet just ‘all things considered, from middle class learned people’. Starting there on, the improvement of Marxism takes distinct structures in connection to the battle of the common laborers, its interior political clashes, technique, strategies and association, broadly and globally. While Marx and Engels themselves made incredible commitments in this field, it has obviously been most enhanced in the twentieth century, most importantly by crafted by Lenin and Trotsky.
Marx and Engels started their socialist political vocations with a progression of thoroughgoing polemics against different schools of communism (e.g., in The Comnunist Manifesto). Promptly after the 1848 unrests they fought the eagerness and what added up to dismissal of hypothesis by the individuals who needed to proceed with an insurrectionist battle in ominous conditions. They never stopped to take an interest in and exhort the work development in each nation with which they could set up contact. They demanded – for instance, in correspondence with Russian and North American communists – on a nearby and nitty gritty consideration regarding the particular states of the history, economy and average workers development of every specific nation. Be that as it may, they generally were watchful against variance and endeavors to set aside the hypothetical triumphs they had made. Keeping in touch with Bebel and different pioneers of the German Social-Democratic Party in 1879, Marx and Engels came back to a subject which had concerned them as long prior as 1848: the job of middle-class intelligent people in the progressive development. At that point, in the Manifesto, they had composed: ‘ . . . a little segment of the decision class cuts itself untied, and joins the progressive class . . . specifically, a part of the common ideologists.’
Presently, in 1879, they make an altogether different accentuation, and one which demonstrates that Lenin was not conflicting when he joined his emphasis on the unequivocal significance of learned people in the improvement of progressive hypothesis with a relentless battle against each indication of revisionism and scholarly light-mindedness with hypothesis. Marx and Engels make a special effort to caution Bebel and the gathering pioneers that common and unimportant middle-class scholarly people joining the development must demonstrate that they will gain from the gathering its hypothesis of logical communism in any case.
