From the 8-13th century in Islam, is referred to many scholars as the Islamic Golden Age. In today’s world, Islamic people are known to dislike the interest of freedom in religion, education sexuality etc. But few realize that centuries ago Islam was nothing like that. As a matter of fact, they embraced it. Because of several verses in the Ouran, Islam focused more on knowledge and the arts more than strict religion. The rise of Islam was one of humanity’s most successful reign. The harsh environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World, the life of Muhammed, and the genesis of Islam contributed to the Golden Age and close to world domination.
Before the rise of Islam, one of the biggest cultures that dominated the Arabian Peninsula was the nomadic Bedouin people. They were very polytheistic with hints of Jews and Christians and were very patriarchal. In this time, there was no belief in the afterlife, or a future for an individual, it was only tribal law that mattered. Starvation made it difficult to live at these times and many clans and tribes spread, Overtime, the Nomads gain the biggest clan of kinship and blood. Tribes were very harsh and strict in this time. Everyone had to put in effort in to their tribe and each tribe had their personal laws. The law’s balance of justice is very different. If a person dies in one tribe, they do not punish the murderer but balance it by killing that of liking to the victim to keep “balance”. Women had very few legal or human rights. Men can take as many slaves and wives as they please. In hardship, they would go to war to raid and plunder. Nothing was religion motivated, only human glory. With this unstable and untogether society, it was easy for the Abbasids to take over. This, however, did not last for long.
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Many Arab prophets arose at this time, the one who had the greatest effect on the Nomands and the oncoming of the Golden Age was Mohammed. Mohammed was born into the Quraysh tribe in 570 C.E. He spent six years in Banu Hashim Bedouin encampment. Muhammed’s parents both died and several years later he became a prophet, prophesying the existence of one God. Muhammed won over many religions, especially by the Umayyad notables who perceived him a threat. This was only the beginning of the rise of Islam. When the Abbasids took over they formed a caliphate, and the Islam religion spread rapidly, faster than any other religion. Islam situated in the Arabian Peninsula, Mediterranean and North Africa. Islam wanted the arts and science to be advanced. Islam was very inclusive and had great meetings with each other as scholars over wisdom and science. There were many great creations at this time that boosted humanity further such as: the most detailed map in the time period with other scientific discoveries. Medical research was written in many books. They also had an efficient way of healthcare, they stayed open 24 hours and helped the poor no matter the cost. The world’s first universities were established, focusing on the arts, poetry, and literature.
The Islamic state sought out Sophism that promotes peace and education. Genghis Khan and his Mongol army took over a large percent of East Asia not excluding the Islamic Caliphate. In 1258, Baghdad was destroyed by the Mongols and threw all of their books into the Tigris River until the river ran black of ink. Most historian marks this as the end of the Golden Age of Islam. If things went about differently in history, what could Islam become today? If things went according to plan with Islam, they probably would have had the entire world under their control.
The Association Between Acupuncture And Chronic Pain
Introduction:
According to Ji-Sheng Han, the scientific interest in acupuncture has been gaining popularity over the decades; especially within the World Health Organization (WHO) who has identified more than 40 disorders that benefit directly from acupuncture1. Specifically, in a recent meta-analysis with 17,922 participants, their study provided evidence that acupuncture is effective for treatment chronic pain2. Due to the longevity that chronic pain can have on an individual’s body, it is vital to understand the effectiveness of hormone release, anti-inflammatory actions of the muscles, and specific symptom locations that acupuncture treats in those with chronic pain. Acupuncture research is important to public health due to being a positive alternative treatment to addictive painkillers, therefore, contributing to the opioid epidemic; another public health issue. Throughout this literature review, I outline pain associations and symptom-specific acupoints throughout published studies in individuals with chronic pain. In addition, within this literature review I also aim to find whether certain characteristics of acupuncture are associated with better or worse outcomes of chronic pain.
Methods:
I conducted this literature review on two research engine websites. My first research engine used was the University of Washington Libraries website on October 3rd, 2018. My second research engine used was the PubMed database on October 4th, 2018. On both of these websites, by following MeSH methods, I used the research terms: acupuncture areas of pain, acupuncture AND treatment, association, AND study. On my first website, there were 715 results excluding all non-English, non-peer reviewed, duplicates, and articles that were posted more than 10 years ago. On my second engine site, there were 5 results excluding all non-English, non-peer reviewed, duplicates, and articles that were posted more than 10 years ago to keep consistency across search engines. Through these engines sites I retrieved three primary research articles, and one peer-reviewed review paper directly related to my topic.
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Results:
In result, multiple studies found evidence showing that when using acupuncture related techniques to treat chronic pain, the practices were most effective when used for long spans of time; as well as across multiple sessions1,3. In addition, utilizing multiple sessions allowed for precision on symptom-specific acupoints to treat patterns of pain presented in patients4. These acupoints are described as specific regions of the body, where the needle is inserted to release hormones, specially endorphins to relax the muscles and reduce inflammation4. However, in one study when testing for pain threshold with pain-inducing tests for areas such as shoulder, back, and lower body pain; acupuncture showed no effect to subsiding pain more effectively than placebo needle treatments3. With this, studies are beginning to analyze different acupuncture techniques in different regions of the world, most commonly Westernized acupuncture methods versus Traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCM).
One study found that chronic shoulder pain was best treated using the TCM acupuncture, in addition to another study confirming that TCM methods improved chronic pain better than westernized acupuncture practices1,4. Across all studies, there was a lack of information in what would make the presence of chronic pain worse when comparing needle treatments with physical therapy, whereas the studies decided to compare needle treatment to no treatment whatsoever1,3,4. Studies did also not specify the differences between westernized and TCM acupuncture; so the logic behind what made certain practices unique in unclear1,3,4. In addition, there were notes of specific body areas responding better to acupuncture than other areas, leaving investigations only able to test certain regions associated to chronic pain4. Another limitation when comparing studies, was that the causes of the chronic pain were not specified, as well as not defining what chronic pain is compared to other kinds of pain one can experience, like acute pain2,3,4. Therefore, this limits the knowledge of how well acupuncture practices accurately treated the cases of chronic pain.
Conclusions:
In conclusion, due to the variety of acupuncture practices and types, the success of the treatments can affect individuals in different ways. Therefore, it is vital to be able to understand the effects of acupuncture associated with chronic pain, and how it can be treated effectively without the use of pain killers. Specifically, it is important for acupuncturists to understand the certain symptomatic acupoints that are associated with treating pain points in the body. In order for acupuncturists and patients to accurately treat their chronic pain, research studies in public health need to analyze which methods are most effective; as well as craft educational interventions on the benefits and risks of acupuncture on the body compared to other forms of treatment.
