Plastics And Toxins

Introduction

1) Plastics

i) Plastic consumption

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ii) Recycling initiatives

2) Biodegradable

i) Are there biodegradable alternatives

ii) Obstacles faced

3) Toxins

i) Toxins in household items

ii) Alternatives

iii) Toxins in clothing

4) Regulations on toxin production

5) Personal commodity used

Plastic is a synthetic material which is made from a wide range of organic polymers like polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, and could be molten and shaped while they are soft. Today, the world`s population has found plastics to be the most convenient in packaging and carrying off their luggage. People have ventured in the business to make the plastics due to the cheaply available resources. The production of these plastics materials has proliferated due to the high demand in the market. Some have taken the initiative to reduce the number of plastics that have been used by recycling them. Not all of them are recycled, so where do the others go? Others are campaigning for degradable alternatives, but they are facing lots of obstacles. The question is, do we humans know the threat these plastics have to us, plants wild and sea animals? This study will primarily major on the plastics and toxins, and how they are affecting our environment and the initiative taken to curb for future risks.

6) Plastics

i) Plastic consumptionIn the last fifty years, the global production of plastics has rapidly increased. In the year 2008, the production of plastics worldwide was estimated to be 260 tons. Four years later, the production was found to shoot to 299 tons. At the end of 2015, the annual consumption was noted to have reduced to 297.5 tons. People like plastics since they are versatile, moisture resistance, flexible, light and affordable. These qualities make us have that voracious appetite which led to the overconsumption of the goods.

ii) Recycling initiativesSince plastic products are not degradable, they may live for decades. This ends up leading to land pollution. Others burn them up while others dump them in seas and rivers. This is completely unacceptable and has to be stopped. Companies have taken a new option to reduce the amount of plastic disposed off as waste. They have embraced recycling, and it is working. According to research conducted by Jenna Jambeck (2015), an environmental engineer at University of Georgia, only 9% of plastic is recycled. A whooping ninety-one percent goes without being recycled. They end up in massive landfills where it could take them a thousand years to decompose and leak pollutants into water and soil. Over hundred million tons of plastic debris is floating on oceans.

7) Biodegradable products

i) Are there biodegradable alternatives?Recently, there has been the development of biodegradable plastics. They have several benefits to the environment. First, since they are decomposable, the risk of polluting the environment are few. They are made from natural origins like plants, animals or micro-organisms.

ii) Obstacles facedCompanies that are making these biodegradable plastics are facing a lot of challenges. For instance, the cost of making them is too high as compared to the typical plastic. This makes it almost impossible to make enough for everyone. They will get rid of the natural resources, like trees, which is a harm to the environment. Again, for they have been made from different types of natural products, they tend to have different types of biodegradability. It will eventually decompose and leave behind toxic chemicals, and that is unacceptable as well.

8) Toxins These are a poisonous chemical substance which once induced into the body of a human or animal can cause severe damages, allergies or diseases. In the present day, almost everyone uses products that have toxic chemical components. A time it is completely inevitable to use them.

i) Toxins in household itemsThe house is filled with products that are made from toxic chemicals. These are the same which will, in the long run, cause chronic diseases like cancer. Some of them are perfumes, cosmetics, air fresheners, pesticides, toothpaste, soaps, medicinal drugs, dilutable juices, food seasoning products and plastic lunch boxes. A considerable percentage of these items are made of chemical which is unfriendly to the body and if used over and over again will eventually cause a devastating health problem.

ii) AlternativesMany of these products don’t have an alternative, and their alternative is just different brands of various companies. Again, we could not live without some of them as well, like toothpaste and medicine. The only thing one can do is to quit using the unnecessary ones.

iii) Toxins in clothing Marci Zaroff, a clean-fashion pioneer, argues that cloth manufacturers coat their products in very toxic chemicals at different stages, from coloring to finishing stage. We, consumers, have the belief that clothes made from synthetic fibers are quite safe. The materials are indeed filled with invisible chemicals. Then there are the sanitary towels. According to Jeff Clarkson (2014), the towels are made of chemicals which will melt under normal body temperature. It moistens the whole towel, and once it touches the body, it can lead to cervical cancer to women. There is great danger lurking in our clothes. Many do not have an idea of them at all. Despite the fact that clothes make us look good, they can as well claim one`s health in the long run which is unacceptable.

9) Regulations on toxin productionHealth is quite better than wealth. The government should instill some regulations on the companies that are making more money on things that are claiming people`s lives. An order should be issued on what to be manufactured and will be consumed by either eating, drinking or smearing. A bureau of standards should be established to exclude by testing the products that can have some toxic chemicals in them. Herbal and natural commodities should replace the place for chemically modified products. By so doing, life will be saved, and the lifespan of the people and the cases of unnecessary diseases will be minimal.

10) Personal commodity usedI have been using a perfume for quite some time now. It has dawned on me that the product is made up of many ingredients that are made up chemicals that are hazardous.A compound like a benzyl acetate is dangerous to the central nervous system. The skin has microscopic pores that will allow the entrance of the chemical. Since nerves originate right from the skin, they are to be in contact with the chemical and will transmit all that to the central nervous system where it will make it collapse. It can again cause an allergic reaction which can result in serious illness. It is stored in a glass container, which after using it up I will throw it away. It is not degradable so that it will be left somewhere on the ground. That is soil pollution which is not good.

Conclusion

Plastics have played a vital role in packaging. People have never been adopting proper disposing techniques. Therefore, they should be banned and biodegradable plastics used as alternatives. In our homes, everything we use has a hazardous chemical composition in it. These commodities are so harmful that the chance of contracting a malady from them are high. Some items are irresistible to use, and one will have to use them for survival. Others are merely luxurious. It is advisable to quit what seems to have an adverse effect yet could be avoided. Cloth companies should again try to neutralize the chemicals where the clothes are soaked. This will make them a bit less harmful to their consumers, who are us. By so doing, we will make the earth safe for us and for the generations to come.

Nursing In World War II

Starting in 1939 with Hitler’s invasion of Poland, World War II would officially begin its terror among the world. With an increase in need for soldiers, came a rising need for care and nurses (Levine, 2018). Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States officially entered this war and eventually brought a plethora of nurses with it (Wilson, 2018). American involvement in World War II had an extreme effect on the profession of nursing including the creation of the National Nursing Council for War, increasing the amount of nurses, the view and recognition of women in the war, as well as the view on African Americans serving in the United States Military. (Levine, 2018).

Nursing Roles

During the war, nurses were not only at bedside, but were in combat zones as well. For those at Permanente Oakland hospital, dress was classy and white. A uniformed dress or either skirt and tucked in shirt, accompanied with tights, closed toed shoes, and a hat placed in the back was considered appropriate dress. (McPartland, 2011). Now, it is common knowledge that nurses wear scrubs appropriate for their work environment. Comfortable, closed toed shoes are still required as well.

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For nurses actively on the battle field, ranking up and earning the titles of officers within the armed forces was allowed and honorable. Nurses were called to work any and every where that was needed. Coming home, however, there was still a fight for the respect and honor they had previously earned. (McPartland, 2011).

Nursing Profession Progressions

During the war, there was such a shortage of nurses that it eventually got to the point of putting the wounded soldiers at a higher risk. Since men were not allowed to be a part of the Army Nurse Corp until 1955, only women were serving and there were simply not enough to meet the high demand. Due to this, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed in his State of the Union Address that Congress amend the Selective Service Act. Amending this act would allow for nurses to officially become a part of the United States armed forces because recruitment was too time consuming and the need for care was intensifying. A few days after Roosevelt’s speech, Representative of Kentucky, Andrew J. May, even proposed that women be drafted into the war if they did not volunteer. However, in the week following the State of the Union Address, twice the number of nurses from the year prior applied for duty; therefore, eliminating the draft option and eliminating the shortage. (Connor, 2016).

By the beginning of WWII, a growing fight to end discrimination against African Americans had gained attention. After fifteen years of this battle, with aid from the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, African American nurses won their press for the desegregation in the United States Army Nurse Corp. This was only the beginning of desegregation, however. Along with race, gender discrimination was a huge battle. White male nurses were continuously fighting for their right to serve and did not achieve this until nearly ten years later. (Threat, 2012).

Race and gender were not the only battle leading to a shortage of nurses, qualifications and willingness were major issues as well. During the time of the war, women had to meet certain criteria to serve. A list of criteria includes, but is not limited to, being a citizen of the United States of America, having the RN title, being within a certain age limit (21-40), being a certain race (until African Americans won their own battle), and having no children below the age of 14. At first, they were not required to undergo special armed force training. Once they were deemed qualified to be involved in the war, they were allowed to work in medical facilities, on the field, and wherever they were needed. (Nursing and medicine in World War II, 2013).

In terms of serving in the war, at first nurses were not required to undergo training. As of 1943, WWII commissioned Army nurses were required to undergo additional training such as field sanitation, and depending on their area of nursing, psychiatry and anesthetics, and physical training to help build up their endurance (Nursing and medicine in World War II, 2013). This is yet another progression in nursing that evolved because of the war. Now, men and women of all races and backgrounds can become health care professionals with the proper education. Most of the progressions within nursing, as far as gender and racial equality, arose during this war. (Threat, 2012).

Home Front during World War II

While the profession of nursing was progressing, home life was also progressing. Before the war, most women were stay at home mothers and/or care takers; however, once the war started and men were sent off to fight, the demand for workers on the home front increased. There was still work that needed to be done, regardless of men being on the battle field, especially now since supplies were needed for war. This gave many women a chance to step out their front door and work for a living. Nearly 6 million women were out working for a change, and for the first time, half the nation’s work force were women. (Levine, 2018).

Women had once been considered too weak for several jobs, but with icons such as Rosie the Riveter and lack of men, industries called all women to help. Once the war was over, many men were forced to face the facts that their wives were now full, working, functioning citizens. This was not just for white women, though. What started off as employers only hiring Caucasian women, ended up with even women of color being hired. This was a huge step in the fight for equality; however, it did not end discrimination. Although African American women were given better opportunities than before, there was still a wage gap and a push for equal rights. (Levine, 2018).

Nursing Since World War II

Overall, nursing changed drastically during and after the Second World War. This era had a major impact on the field of nursing, fighting for equality and representation was a main battle that was partially won due to the need for workers (Joseph, 2016). Nurses are still called to work wherever needed. Jobs include school houses, hospital settings, the armed forces, doctor’s offices and much more. While dress has slightly changed from all white to scrubs (depending on workplace, color may vary), a consistent uniform is now set in place (McPartland, 2011). In terms of nursing specifically and the home front in general, the United States is a growing nation that has learned from its past encounters.

References

  1. Connor, J. (2016). Drafting women? World War II, 31(3), 62-67. Retrieved from:

    http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=328455a1-99fe-4655-8acb-5fb896b46ec2sdcvsessmgr04&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ#db=khh&AN=116868941

  2. Levine, S. (2018). Womanpower! Cobblestone, 39(4), 15. Retrieved from:

    http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.fmarion.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=58846246-77f84581af7f24787f1b544asessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc

    2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ#AN=128509219&db=khh

  3. McPartland, G. (2011). Nurses begin quest for professional recognition after World War II. A

    history of total health. Retrieved from: https://kaiserpermanentehistory.org/latest/nurses-begin-quest-for-professional-recognition-after-world-war-ii/

  4. Nursing and medicine during World War II. (2013). Retrieved from:

    https://ceufast.com/blog/nursing-and-medicine-during-world-war-ii

  5. Threat, C. J. (2012, August). ‘The hands that might save them’: Gender, race and the

    politics of nursing in the United States during the Second World War. Gender & History,

    24(2), 456-474. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.2012.01691.x.

  6. Wilson, M. R. (2018). Controlling the chaos. Cobblestone, 39 (4), 11-14. Retrieved from:

    http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=18&sid=8452fb8d-1308-4f7f-8801-41fe51f597dasdcvsessmgr06&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ#AN=128509218&db=f5h

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